James Bowman's seminal paper on the J1 CPU was presented in 2010. At under 200 lines of Verilog, the J1 was a real breakthrough in simplicity. It also happens to be a very powerful Forth processor.

The Chad CPU, like the J1, has excellent semantic density. The application of the J1 was a UDP stack in a Xilinx FPGA. The code was 70% smaller than the equivalent C on a MicroBlaze. The code just wouldn't fit in memory, so the J1 was used instead. Admittedly, MicroBlaze is a hog. However J1 has a lot going for it. Calls and jumps take only a single cycle. Often a return is combined with an ALU instruction to cause a return in zero instructions. It's a little freaky to watch in simulation if you're used to control flow changes having to deal with pipelines.

The system can be understood and maintained by one person due to simplicity.

Built for security. The ISA doesn't support random read of code memory, which makes reverse engineering and hacking the code an exercise in chip probing if it can even be done. The MCU boots from SPI flash, which is encrypted using a stream cipher. The weak spot then becomes key management: How secure are keys, how hard can you make it to probe memory busses on the ASIC die, etc.

In-system programming (ISP) is handled by hardware state machines, not firmware. The SPI flash controller integrates a UART and processor memories so that the RAMs can be loaded from flash at boot time. The UART can also be used to program flash by any host computer with a serial port. It can also reset the processor.